Hi LesB, > Just looking for some pracitcal wisdom. Boy, have you come the wrong place. I have only seen one or two pianos, in 35 years that was as much as 200 cents flat. If the piano is more than 20 or 30 years old I don't try to bring it up to pitch on the first pass. Some pianos I tell the customer I don't know how it will respond so I leave it 50 to 100 cents flat so that I can get a feel for the piano and the strings. Pianos younger than 20 years I yank them up, using a SAT, and let it calculate the over pull. This is a judgment call and experience is the best teacher. If in doubt raise it in steps. As to speed, this is a function of security. If I feel secure that I have a wide margin of safety I can do a pitch raise in 20 minutes using the SAT. Being able to do this is practice and not striving to be perfect. Perfect unisons cost too much time in a pitch raise. Actually three 20 minutes passes are superior to 1 45 minute pass because as you rev up to speed you will get faster and faster until the point you can tune tight unisons VERY quickly. If I feel as if I am getting into a string breakage situation I will slow down to help prevent popping strings. Doesn't always work but I can hope. If I feel the piano will indeed come up to pitch with little hazard potential then I will instruct the owner to have it pulled up the next time and I will leave a note to myself or the next tuner to that effect. Get out there and hustle your bustle. Newton
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